The Global Review - Farid Novin

THE TRUMP–XI BEIJING SUMMIT, 2026:

Strategic Rivalry, Managed Interdependence, and the

Fragile Architecture of Global Order

ABSTRACT

The state visit of President Donald Trump to Beijing on 13–15 May 2026—the first by an American head of state in nearly nine years—constitutes one of the most consequential bilateral encounters since the late Cold War. The meeting unfolds against a backdrop of simultaneous, mutually reinforcing crises: the worst global energy shock in recorded history following the near-total closure of the Strait of Hormuz in the aftermath of U.S.–Israeli military operations against Iran; an accelerating technological decoupling between the two largest economies; escalating cross-strait tensions; a fragile trade architecture anchored in the October 2025 Busan truce; and intensifying competition over critical minerals and artificial intelligence. This article applies a Bayesian game-theoretic framework to evaluate the strategic calculations of each principal and identifies four plausible scenarios—managed stabilisation, competitive détente, Taiwan escalation, and neo-bloc fragmentation—assigning differential probabilities on the basis of structural incentives, domestic political constraints, and observed signalling behaviour. The analysis proceeds in five parts: leadership psychology and political economy, the substantive dossier of bilateral disputes, game-theoretic scenario modelling, implications for G7 cohesion ahead of the Evian summit, and a medium-term strategic forecast. The article concludes that the most probable near-term outcome is a temporary strategic freeze rather than genuine rapprochement, and that Taiwan, rare earth supply chains, and the Iranian energy crisis are the three variables most likely to determine whether this freeze endures or fractures.

Keywords: U.S.–China relations; Trump–Xi summit; Strait of Hormuz; rare earth minerals; Taiwan; G7; strategic rivalry; managed interdependence

I. INTRODUCTION

The bilateral meeting scheduled for 14–15 May 2026 at the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse in Beijing arrives at a moment of exceptional systemic stress. Three overlapping shocks have compressed the decision-space available to both principals. First, U.S. and Israeli air operations against Iran that commenced on 28 February 2026 triggered an Iranian closure of the Strait of Hormuz, resulting in what the International Energy Agency (IEA) characterised as “the largest supply disruption in the history of the global oil market.” Brent crude surged past $120 per barrel following the closure on 4 March, and analysts at OilPrice.com reported prices trading above $113 as of the week of the summit, with the World Bank projecting an average of $86 per barrel for the full year under a base scenario and upside risks reaching $115 should the blockade persist into the second half of 2026.

Second, the fragile trade architecture constructed at the October 2025 Busan summit—wherein the two sides extended a Geneva truce by one year, reduced competing tariffs, and China pledged to purchase a minimum of twelve million metric tons of U.S. soybeans by end-2025 and twenty-five million metric tons annually through 2028—has been complicated by China’s continued use of rare earth export licensing as a coercive instrument, by the U.S. Supreme Court’s February 2026 ruling striking down the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) tariffs, and by parallel Section 301 and Section 232 investigations that each side regards as potential escalatory triggers. Third, cross-strait dynamics have deteriorated. Xi Jinping’s April 2026 meeting with Cheng Li-wun, Chairwoman of Taiwan’s Kuomintang, during which he publicly insisted that China would never tolerate independence, and the Trump administration’s simultaneous approval of an $11 billion arms package for Taipei alongside ambiguous signals about whether such sales are negotiable, have created precisely the kind of credibility vacuum that strategic deterrence theory identifies as dangerous.

Against this triple backdrop, Trump is set to arrive in Beijing on 13 May 2026 accompanied by an extraordinary delegation of chief executives from America’s largest corporations—including Elon Musk of Tesla, Tim Cook of Apple, Larry Fink of BlackRock, David Solomon of Goldman Sachs, and Jane Fraser of Citigroup—signalling Washington’s intent to frame the summit principally as a commercial and transactional enterprise. Beijing, for its part, is positioning the visit as a validation of China’s enhanced global standing. As the Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) noted in its pre-summit analysis, “China relishes that Trump is coming to Beijing for the first U.S. presidential visit in almost nine years, which the PRC will portray as recognition of Beijing’s enhanced global stature and success in standing firm against the Trump administration’s initial efforts to pressure China.”

This article proceeds as follows. Section II develops detailed political and psychological profiles of the two principals. Section III examines the six substantive dossiers dominating the summit agenda. Section IV applies a Bayesian game-theoretic framework to evaluate likely outcomes. Section V analyses the summit’s implications for the G7, whose 52nd plenary is scheduled for 15–17 June 2026 in Evian-les-Bains, France. Section VI advances a medium-term strategic forecast.

II. LEADERSHIP PSYCHOLOGY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY

II.i. Trump: Transactional Nationalism and Strategic Disruption

Trump’s political psychology combines theatrical bargaining, personalised diplomacy, and economic nationalism. His worldview is neither conventionally ideological nor institutionally restrained. It is shaped by a preference for bilateral deals over multilateral frameworks, the systematic use of economic coercion as leverage, a belief in unpredictability as a negotiating advantage, strong sensitivity to symbolic prestige and public optics, and a pronounced tendency to personalise interstate relationships to the point where personal rapport with a foreign leader is treated as a substitute for institutionalised policy architecture.

Trump sees geopolitics through a competitive mercantilist lens in which trade deficits are interpreted not merely as economic outcomes but as indicators of national weakness, and in which tariffs become instruments of sovereignty rather than purely economic tools. His approach to Beijing illustrates this duality vividly: on 11 May 2026, the day before departing for Beijing, he wrote on Truth Social that “President Xi will give me a big, fat hug when I get there in a few weeks. We are working together smartly, and very well! Doesn’t that beat fighting???”—simultaneously framing himself as a peacemaker while reserving the right to reimpose tariffs through alternative legal authorities the moment negotiations falter.

However, unlike 2017, Trump enters these negotiations amid greater American strategic overstretch. The Iran conflict, high energy prices, rapid expenditure of advanced weapons systems in the Middle East and Ukraine, and the compound pressure on U.S. defence-industrial supply chains have materially constrained Washington’s leverage. The Council on Foreign Relations’ C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia Studies observed bluntly that “the United States heads to the summit facing an uncomfortable reality: its rapid expenditure of advanced weapons systems in the Middle East and Ukraine will compound deep vulnerabilities in supply chains tied to rare earth elements and permanent magnets—inputs overwhelmingly dominated by China.”

II.ii. Xi Jinping: Civilisational Statecraft and Controlled Patience

Xi Jinping’s political psychology differs profoundly. Xi operates through strategic patience, centralised control, and long-horizon planning. Unlike Trump’s improvisational style, Xi emphasises historical continuity, hierarchical discipline, calibrated escalation, and the preservation of regime legitimacy through incremental shifts in the balance-of-power structure. His confidence entering the summit is notably higher than in prior bilateral encounters: Beijing successfully resisted Trump’s unprecedented trade escalation in 2025, which pushed tariffs past 140 percent, by deploying rare earth restrictions as what the Council on Foreign Relations characterised as China’s “break glass” instrument. When Beijing threatened to restrict rare earth flows in April and October 2025, Washington reduced rather than escalated pressure.

Xi views China not merely as a nation-state but as a civilisational state returning to historical centrality after the “Century of Humiliation.” Taiwan therefore represents not simply contested territory but an existential legitimacy issue for the Chinese Communist Party, a dimension of the relationship that no transactional bargain can dissolve. Xi’s governing style is further marked by what analysts at the German Marshall Fund of the United States and CSIS have characterised as “controlled ambiguity”—the systematic deployment of grey-zone pressure through military encirclement exercises around Taiwan, selective economic retaliation, export restrictions, and regulatory coercion, calibrated to remain below the threshold of an unambiguous casus belli.

Importantly, Xi believes time favours China structurally. Chinese strategic culture increasingly reflects an assessment that the United States faces acute internal polarisation, that G7 unity is weakening under the centrifugal pressure of Trump’s tariff policies, that the Global South is drifting toward multipolarity, and that China’s industrial dominance in critical minerals and advanced manufacturing provides asymmetric leverage that compounds with each passing year. The CSIS pre-summit brief confirmed that China’s top priority entering the meeting was “greater stability in its relationship with the United States, especially greater predictability on tariffs,” while simultaneously positioning Beijing as the indispensable intermediary for any durable resolution of the Hormuz crisis.

III. THE STRATEGIC DOSSIER: SIX INTERLOCKING DISPUTES

III.i. The Strait of Hormuz and the Iranian Energy Crisis

No issue entering the summit carries greater immediate systemic weight than the Hormuz crisis. The Strait—a 34-kilometre-wide passage between Iran and Oman through which, prior to the conflict, approximately 20 percent of global seaborne crude oil and 20 percent of global LNG transited monthly—has been effectively closed since Iran’s Revolutionary Guard Corps began enforcing shipping restrictions following the U.S.–Israeli strikes of 28 February 2026. The U.K. Maritime Trade Operations Centre recorded more than a dozen attacks on vessels in and around the strait within the first two weeks of March alone, resulting in the deaths of five crew members on two vessels. As of early May, the volume of shipping traffic through the strait stood at approximately 5 percent of pre-conflict levels, according to the House of Commons Library.

The economic consequences have been severe and global in scope. The IEA, in language without precedent in its institutional history, described the disruption as the “greatest global energy security challenge in history,” surpassing in severity both the 1970s oil crises and the 2022 energy shock triggered by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Brent crude surged past $120 per barrel upon the Hormuz closure on 4 March. The World Bank projected average prices of $86 per barrel for 2026, with upside scenarios reaching $95–115 if the blockade persists through the summer. In Europe, Dutch TTF natural gas benchmarks nearly doubled to above €60 per megawatt-hour by mid-March as Qatari LNG—which had been declaring force majeure on all exports—remained stranded in Gulf ports. The European Central Bank postponed planned interest rate reductions in response. In the United States, gasoline prices rose by $1.16 per gallon in the six weeks following the conflict’s outbreak, and jet fuel prices in North America spiked by 95 percent.

China’s exposure to the crisis is structurally distinct. According to Nomura, approximately 38 percent of the crude oil and 23 percent of the LNG that typically transits Hormuz is bound for Chinese ports, accounting for roughly half of China’s seaborne oil supply. Yet the PRC entered the crisis from a position of relative preparedness: Iranian crude oil on water remained plentiful, and days of cover for Chinese refiners hovered around 120 as of mid-April, according to Kpler senior crude analyst Johannes Rauball. Crucially, as the world’s largest buyer of Iranian crude, Beijing is the country most directly affected by U.S. moves targeting Iranian oil flows—both through the White House’s removal of certain sanctions on Iranian barrels in March, which caused price volatility, and through the U.S. counter-blockade of Iranian ports announced on 13 April, which China’s Foreign Ministry condemned as “a dangerous and irresponsible act” that risked undermining “an already fragile ceasefire situation.”

This structural exposure grants Beijing considerable diplomatic leverage entering the summit. Goldman Sachs analysts noted that China has increasingly positioned itself as a potential stabilising intermediary capable of influencing Tehran economically and diplomatically. The CSIS pre-summit analysis observed that the recent Beijing visit by Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi demonstrated China “positioning itself as having already weighed in with Iran to reopen the Strait of Hormuz,” transforming what might have been a vulnerability into a negotiating asset. Trump is expected to seek both Chinese pressure on Tehran to facilitate the reopening of the strait and guarantees against direct Chinese military support for Iran—with a threatened 50 percent tariff on any country supplying Iran with weapons having already been issued as an incentive structure.

III.ii. Trade Architecture: The Board of Trade Proposal and the Tariff Labyrinth

The trade relationship entering the Beijing summit is characterised by what may be called “precarious interdependence”: each side has retained sufficient tariff and export-control instruments to inflict severe damage on the other, while each side’s economy retains sufficient exposure to bilateral flows to make full decoupling extraordinarily costly. The Council on Foreign Relations identified what may be the summit’s most substantive institutional outcome: a proposed “Board of Trade,” first floated by U.S. Trade Representative Jamieson Greer following talks with Chinese officials in Paris in March 2026. This mechanism—conceptually analogous to the managed trade framework attempted between the United States and Japan in the first Clinton administration, which was ultimately abandoned as ineffective—would establish a standing body to determine bilateral purchase commitments and resolve disputes before they escalate, targeting an initial exchange of approximately $30 billion in U.S. products for an equivalent volume of Chinese imports.

The tariff architecture itself has been substantially complicated by the U.S. Supreme Court’s February 2026 ruling striking down the IEEPA tariffs that had formed the backbone of Trump’s coercive trade strategy. Following the ruling, Trump enacted a 10 percent across-the-board tariff on 25 February 2026 for 150 days as a bridge measure. Atlantic Council analysis indicated that the effective tariff rate on Chinese goods—incorporating existing Section 232 and Section 301 measures—stood at approximately 23.69 percent as of early May 2026, far below the 140 percent peak of the 2025 escalation cycle. The administration has indicated it will use expanded Section 301 and Section 232 authorities to reconstruct a higher tariff wall, but doing so risks triggering exactly the rare earth retaliation that caused Washington to reduce pressure in 2025.

Beijing, for its part, has pushed for the establishment of a “Board of Investment” to complement any Board of Trade, and has sought agreement on the need to reduce barriers to Chinese investment in the United States—a demand that faces formidable domestic political obstacles given bipartisan congressional anxieties about technology transfer. CFR President Mike Froman summarised the underlying dynamic with characteristic directness: “‘Not fighting’ appears to be the new north star of the United States’ new China policy.”

III.iii. Taiwan: Deterrence, Ambiguity, and the Credibility Trap

Taiwan remains the most structurally dangerous issue in the bilateral relationship, and the one most resistant to the transactional logic that governs Trump’s approach to trade. On the morning of 11 May 2026, Trump stated publicly that U.S. arms sales to Taiwan would be on his agenda for the Beijing summit, adding: “President Xi would like us not to, and I’ll have that discussion. That’s one of the many things I’ll be talking about.” The remark was simultaneously the most candid acknowledgment that Taiwan policy is negotiable and the most alarming signal to have emerged from Washington in years. Bonnie Glaser, managing director of the Indo-Pacific programme at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, characterised any rhetorical softening from Trump, even an ambiguous one, as “the most destabilising outcome” of the summit, warning that “a tacit or explicit bargain in which Washington appears to concede a sphere of influence to Beijing over Taiwan” could embolden China to take more assertive steps to erode Taiwan’s autonomy.

The institutional signals have been mixed in ways that compound deterrence uncertainty. Taiwan’s legislature approved a $25 billion special defence budget on 9 May 2026—significantly below the $40 billion requested by President Lai Ching-te, and the Trump administration’s senior officials publicly characterised the legislature’s failure to fund the full amount as “disappointing.” Meanwhile, the 2026 U.S. National Defense Strategy omitted direct mention of Taiwan—an institutional signal that CSIS senior adviser Edgard Kagan noted was being watched with acute anxiety in Taipei. The Center for American Progress summarised the resulting credibility problem with precision: “The Trump administration is arming Taiwan for a war the administration has already signalled it has no interest in fighting.”

On Beijing’s side, Xi received Cheng Li-wun, Chairwoman of the Kuomintang—Taiwan’s largest opposition party—in April 2026, declaring publicly that China “will never tolerate independence for Taiwan.” Taiwanese President Lai Ching-te responded by warning that “compromising with authoritarian regimes only sacrifices sovereignty and democracy.” The simultaneous domestic political pressures on both principals—Xi’s need to avoid any perception of weakness on the Taiwan question before a domestic nationalist audience, and Trump’s vulnerability to congressional criticism if he appears to trade away commitments to Taipei in exchange for trade concessions—make a formal bargain on Taiwan unlikely while leaving open the possibility of quiet understandings that erode the credibility of U.S. deterrence without producing a formal policy change.

III.iv. Critical Minerals and the Rare Earth Confrontation

The strategic significance of rare earth elements and permanent magnets has undergone a qualitative transformation since 2025, evolving from a recognised vulnerability into an active theatre of economic warfare. China’s Ministry of Commerce issued in April 2025 the first wave of export restrictions on seven rare earth elements—scandium, yttrium, samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, and lutetium—requiring exporters to obtain licences, in direct retaliation for Trump’s tariff escalation. A second, substantially more sweeping wave of controls announced on 9 October 2025 extended restrictions to twelve additional rare earth elements and introduced, for the first time in Chinese export control history, an extraterritorial jurisdiction provision mirroring the U.S. foreign direct product rule: any product manufactured outside China but containing Chinese-origin rare earths above a value threshold of 0.1 percent would require a Chinese export licence before being sold to a third country.

The October 2025 controls were suspended for one year at the Busan summit as part of the broader trade truce—a suspension set to expire in November 2026, creating a structural deadline that casts a shadow over the Beijing summit’s trade discussions. The April 2025 controls, however, remained in force with their licensing requirements intact. CSIS analysis documented severe downstream consequences: exports of yttrium to the United States totalled just 17 tons in the eight months between April and December 2025, compared to 333 tons in the equivalent period prior to restrictions. Aerospace manufacturers relying on yttrium as a thermal coating material for jet engine components raised alarms about production pauses. Noveon Magnetics was identified as the sole remaining U.S. manufacturer of rare earth permanent magnets as of early 2026.

Washington’s strategic response has been genuine but operationally nascent. In February 2026, Secretary of State Marco Rubio convened 54 countries and the European Commission for an inaugural Critical Minerals Ministerial in Washington, which produced the Forum on Resource Geostrategic Engagement (FORGE)—described by the administration as a reboot of the Biden-era Mineral Security Partnership with broader membership. The White House simultaneously unveiled Project Vault, a $12 billion initiative to stockpile critical minerals. The Export-Import Bank issued letters of intent across the rare earth supply chain totalling nearly $4 billion. Australia—which attracted $64 million, or 45 percent of global rare earth exploration investment in 2024, and hosts 89 active projects—was formalised as the most important U.S. partner through a critical minerals framework signed in October 2025. In May 2025, Lynas Rare Earths became the first non-Chinese company to produce commercial quantities of dysprosium oxide at its Malaysian facility. Nevertheless, CSIS concluded that “translating these announcements into production takes years” and that “self-sufficiency remains a long road.”

G7 coordination on critical minerals has simultaneously intensified at the institutional level. At the 2025 Kananaskis summit, G7 leaders launched a Critical Minerals Action Plan and a Canada-led Critical Minerals Production Alliance, mobilising over $6.4 billion across 26 projects. As of May 2026, France—holding the G7 rotating presidency ahead of the Evian summit—convened an emergency online G7 meeting to discuss creating a permanent secretariat for the critical minerals agenda, ensuring continuity across rotating presidencies. Reuters reported that the IEA was simultaneously hosting a workshop in Brussels on coordinated stockpiling plans, while the OECD was preparing proposals for aligned production support frameworks. However, two key sources confirmed that Europe had rejected the concept of a single shared stockpile in favour of nationally controlled reserves—an outcome reflecting the divergence in risk tolerance between Washington and Berlin that characterises the G7’s broader approach to China.

III.v. Artificial Intelligence and Technological Sovereignty

Artificial intelligence has emerged as a new and structurally significant dossier in the bilateral relationship, distinct from but intertwined with the semiconductor and rare earth confrontations. The summit agenda is expected to include preliminary discussion of a framework for bilateral AI risk and safety dialogue—a proposal supported by both CSIS and the Council on Foreign Relations as a potential trust-building measure that carries lower political costs than concessions on trade or Taiwan. The technological dimensions of the AI competition, however, are deeply enmeshed with the export control confrontation: China’s October 2025 rare earth restrictions explicitly targeted materials required for semiconductor manufacturing and testing equipment, including sub-14-nanometer chips and high-specification memory chips, directly countering U.S. export controls on advanced semiconductors to China.

Beyond AI governance, the summit is expected to address: Chinese commitments to continue blocking fentanyl precursor exports, on which Beijing’s compliance since Busan has been partial and, in Washington’s assessment, reversible; North Korea engagement, with Trump potentially seeking Xi’s assistance in brokering renewed diplomatic contact with Pyongyang; and prospects for Chinese support for a Ukraine–Russia peace settlement, on which Beijing has maintained deliberate ambiguity while continuing, in CSIS’s assessment, to “provide systematic support for the Russian war machine.”

III.vi. The Business Delegation and Purchase Commitments

A distinctive feature of the 2026 summit is the unprecedented scale of the accompanying commercial delegation. U.S. officials have indicated that Beijing is expected to announce significant purchase commitments encompassing Boeing aircraft, American agricultural products, and energy—potentially including a large-scale Alaska LNG transaction that had been under discussion at Busan before being disrupted by the Iran conflict. The presence of the chief executives of Tesla, Apple, BlackRock, Blackstone, Cargill, Citigroup, Goldman Sachs, Mastercard, Meta Platforms, Micron Technology, Qualcomm, and Visa in Beijing reflects Trump’s preference for framing the summit through the lens of commercial deliverables and his calculation that visible business commitments will serve as domestic political currency regardless of whether broader strategic tensions are resolved.

IV. GAME-THEORETIC ANALYSIS: BAYESIAN SCENARIOS

A Bayesian strategic framework is appropriate here because both principals operate under substantial uncertainty regarding the other’s true preferences, domestic political constraints, escalation thresholds, economic resilience, and alliance cohesion. Neither leader can observe the other’s payoff function directly; both must infer it from prior behaviour, observed signalling, and intelligence assessments that are themselves imperfect. This section evaluates four scenarios, assigning probability assessments based on observable prior distributions of behaviour and the structural incentives documented above.

Scenario A: Managed Strategic Stabilisation (Probability: Moderate-to-High)

Under this scenario, the summit produces a package of limited but tangible outcomes: tariff escalation pauses; communication channels are institutionalised through a Board of Trade mechanism; China announces agricultural and energy purchase commitments; Beijing provides informal assurances to facilitate reopening of the Strait of Hormuz, potentially including diplomatic pressure on Tehran; and military tensions around Taiwan remain contained through tacit mutual restraint. This is the most probable short-term outcome because both sides currently assess uncontrolled confrontation as excessively costly. For Xi, stability protects Chinese growth amid a domestic economic deceleration that has made the regime more sensitive to external shocks. For Trump, stabilisation provides economic calm and commercially legible deliverables ahead of the 2026 midterm cycle. Critically, CSIS’s pre-summit assessment concluded that the summit “will likely represent a relatively modest step toward greater stability and predictability”—language that places this scenario in the dominant probability range. However, this would not represent reconciliation. It would constitute a temporary strategic freeze.

Scenario B: Competitive Détente (Probability: Moderate)

Here, the two powers maintain intense rivalry while selectively cooperating on energy stability, AI governance frameworks, anti-proliferation, and global financial stability. The closest historical precedent is U.S.–Soviet détente during the 1970s: systemic competition persists while communication mechanisms reduce the risk of accidental escalation. The danger of this scenario, well-documented in the détente literature, is that it can create false perceptions of stability while underlying structural tensions continue to intensify. In the U.S.–China context, competitive détente is structurally unstable because the bilateral relationship lacks the clear ideological boundary that governed U.S.–Soviet interaction, making the management of grey-zone pressure around Taiwan and in the South China Sea considerably more difficult to institutionalise.

Scenario C: Taiwan Escalation Spiral (Probability: Moderate, Elevated Risk)

This scenario warrants particular analytical attention because its probability, while lower than Scenario A in the immediate term, carries catastrophic expected costs. Taiwan’s elections, a military exercise, a U.S. arms transfer, or ambiguous language in a summit readout could trigger intensified Chinese coercion, prompting Washington to respond with expanded military signalling and the activation of alliance networks in Tokyo, Seoul, and Canberra. The Center for American Progress identified the compound deterrence failure resulting from Washington’s contradictory policy signals—simultaneously the largest arms package in the history of U.S.–Taiwan relations and public statements questioning whether arms sales are negotiable—as creating precisely the conditions under which unintended escalation becomes more likely. As the analysis noted, “Washington may find itself in a crisis with severely constrained options because it has spent months systematically undermining its own credibility through contradictory signals.” A bipartisan group of U.S. senators wrote to Trump on 11 May 2026 urging him explicitly to “make clear to Beijing that as you seek to level the economic playing field, American support for Taiwan is not up for negotiation.”

Scenario D: Economic Fragmentation and Neo-Bloc Formation (Probability: Moderate-to-High in the Medium Term)

Regardless of the immediate summit outcome, the structural process of supply chain bifurcation and technological ecosystem fragmentation is already underway and is unlikely to be reversed by any single bilateral meeting. Under this scenario, the global economy progressively divides into a U.S.-aligned technological-industrial sphere and a China-centred manufacturing and infrastructure sphere, with the WTO framework further weakened and financial fragmentation accelerating. Council on Foreign Relations analysis confirmed that “complete decoupling of the world’s two biggest economies is likely impossible,” but the trajectory of selective decoupling in strategic sectors—semiconductors, rare earths, advanced AI, defence supply chains—is sufficiently established that this scenario represents not a discrete outcome but a secular trend against which the summit can at most produce a temporary deceleration.

V. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE G7 AND THE EVIAN SUMMIT

The G7’s 52nd summit, scheduled for 15–17 June 2026 in Evian-les-Bains under the French presidency of Emmanuel Macron, will be directly shaped by whatever agreements or silences emerge from Beijing. The alliance faces a strategic dilemma that the Trump–Xi meeting will either sharpen or partially resolve.

On one hand, G7 members have developed an increasingly coherent shared assessment of the vulnerability created by dependence on Chinese critical minerals processing, with the 2025 Kananaskis Critical Minerals Action Plan and the subsequent mobilisation of $6.4 billion across 26 diversification projects representing the most concrete collective response yet to Chinese supply chain leverage. The G7’s discussions ahead of Evian—centred on the creation of a permanent critical minerals secretariat, coordinated stockpiling through the IEA, and OECD-backed price floor mechanisms—reflect a genuine institutionalisation of the mineral security agenda that was largely rhetorical as recently as the 2023 Hiroshima summit.

On the other hand, the alliance is exposed to three distinct fault lines. First, Washington’s prioritisation of bilateral transactional outcomes with Beijing—exemplified by the Board of Trade proposal and the business delegation—risks producing arrangements that benefit the United States bilaterally while displacing European and Japanese market share. Matt Gertken, chief strategist at BCA Research, noted explicitly that Chinese commitments to purchase U.S. energy and agriculture could push global commodity prices higher and that Chinese direct investment commitments to the U.S. economy could displace Japanese and European market share. Second, France’s interest in a broader diplomatic engagement with Beijing—Macron was reported to have considered inviting Xi Jinping to the Evian summit, a proposal opposed by Japan given tensions over the South China Sea and Taiwan Strait—reflects the persistent divergence between European and Indo-Pacific threat assessments. Third, the summit’s outcome in the Taiwan domain will determine whether Japan’s position that cross-strait stability is existentially linked to its own national security—Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi’s suggestion in April 2026 that a Chinese attack on Taiwan could constitute a “survival-threatening situation” for Japan triggered the worst China–Japan diplomatic crisis in years—can be maintained against Washington’s more transactional posture.

The Council on Foreign Relations’ review of the forthcoming global summit schedule characterised the 2026 G7 as likely to involve “hard disagreements between the United States and other G7 members” on multiple fronts, with critical minerals, U.S. tariff policy, and the management of emerging technologies remaining the three dominant axes of internal tension. The Trump–Xi summit therefore risks exposing rather than resolving these internal G7 divisions, depending on whether Trump’s bilateral arrangements with Beijing are perceived by partners as complementary to or competitive with collective G7 resilience strategies.

VI. STRATEGIC FORECAST

Several conclusions of analytical confidence emerge from the foregoing analysis.

First, the summit is unlikely to produce transformational breakthroughs. Structural rivalry between the United States and China has become systemic rather than episodic. The Economist’s pre-summit assessment that the two leaders “will struggle to strike a major economic deal” reflects the consensus across expert institutions. The Board of Trade mechanism, if agreed, would represent an incremental institutionalisation of managed trade rather than a resolution of the underlying structural imbalances that U.S. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent characterised as “the biggest risk” to the global economy.

Second, both principals nonetheless possess strong incentives to avoid uncontrolled destabilisation in the near term. Trump seeks economic calm and commercially legible deliverables for domestic political consumption. Xi seeks tariff predictability and strategic patience in a period when Chinese domestic economic conditions counsel caution. These shared interests are sufficient to produce the limited stabilisation described in Scenario A, but insufficient to resolve any of the three structural drivers—Taiwan, rare earths, and Iran—that define the relationship’s long-term trajectory.

Third, the Hormuz crisis has temporarily but materially enhanced China’s geopolitical leverage by making Washington’s need for Beijing’s diplomatic cooperation on energy security more acute and more visible. Whether China can convert this temporary leverage into durable concessions—on technology controls, Taiwan, or the November 2026 rare earth suspension deadline—is the central uncertainty of the summit.

Fourth, Taiwan will remain the decisive long-term variable and the one most resistant to transactional resolution. Trade disputes can be calibrated and institutionalised through bilateral mechanisms. Taiwan involves identity, sovereignty, nationalism, and regime legitimacy on both sides of the strait, and the credibility of U.S. deterrence commitments in ways that no Board of Trade can address. The compound deterrence failure identified by the Center for American Progress, resulting from the Trump administration’s simultaneous provision of the largest-ever arms package to Taipei and public statements suggesting those sales are negotiable, creates a window of strategic uncertainty that Beijing’s military planners are unlikely to ignore.

Fifth, the emerging international order is becoming neither fully bipolar nor fully multipolar. It is evolving into a fluid system of what might be termed “strategic fragmentation”—characterised by intermittent cooperation, selective decoupling, technological bifurcation, persistent military signalling around contested peripheries, and fragile economic interdependence maintained not by shared rules but by the mutual cost of alternatives. Within this system, the G7 must increasingly define its collective coherence not against a Soviet-style ideological adversary but against a far more complex interlocutor that is simultaneously the world’s largest manufacturer, the world’s largest rare earth processor, a principal creditor to the Global South, and a revisionist power seeking to reshape the rules-based international order from within rather than overtly challenging it.

The Trump–Xi Beijing summit of May 2026 is therefore best understood not as an inflection point but as a diagnostic moment—one that reveals with unusual clarity the structural tensions, psychological asymmetries, and institutional inadequacies that will define the bilateral relationship for the decade ahead, and that will determine whether the G7 can sustain the coherence necessary to function as a meaningful counterweight to the deepening fragmentation of the international order.

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Council on Foreign Relations (2026) “What to Expect Ahead of Next Week’s Trump–Xi Summit,” 8 May. Available at: https://www.cfr.org/articles/what-to-expect-ahead-of-next-weeks-trump-xi-summit

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G7 Canada (2025) “Chair’s Summary: 51st G7 Summit, Kananaskis,” 17 June. Available at: https://g7.canada.ca/en/news-and-media/news/chairs-summary/

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House of Commons Library (2026) “Israel/US–Iran Conflict 2026: Reopening the Strait of Hormuz.” Research Briefing CBP-10636, May. Available at: https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10636/

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Rare Earth Exchanges (2026) “Rare Earths: A Raw Nerve from G7 2025 Summit to 2026 Agenda,” January. Available at: https://rareearthexchanges.com/news/rare-earths-a-raw-nerve-from-g7-2025-summit-to-2026-agenda/

Reuters (2026) “Exclusive—G7 in Talks to Set Up Permanent Unit to Oversee Critical Minerals Agenda,” 5 May. Available at: https://www.usnews.com/news/top-news/articles/2026-05-05/exclusive-g7-in-talks-to-set-up-permanent-unit-to-oversee-critical-minerals-agenda

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The Andersen Institute (2026) “China’s Export Control Architecture and Its Use of Critical Minerals as Strategic Pressure Points,” April. Available at: https://anderseninstitute.org/chinas-export-control-architecture-and-its-use-of-critical-minerals-as-strategic-pressure-points/

The Atlantic Council (2026) “As the Trump–Xi Summit Draws Closer, Trade Uncertainty Still Looms Large,” 7 May. Available at: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/econographics/as-the-trump-xi-summit-draws-closer-trade-uncertainty-still-looms-large/

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Time (2026) “Trump’s Push to Break China’s Dominance of Critical Rare Earth Minerals,” 20 April. Available at: https://time.com/article/2026/04/20/trump-s-push-to-break-china-s-dominance-of-critical-rare-earth-minerals/

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U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations (2026) “Ahead of Beijing Summit, Shaheen, Tillis, Bipartisan Colleagues Urge President Trump to Permit Taiwan Arms Sales,” 11 May. Available at: https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/dem/release/ahead-of-beijing-summit-shaheen-tillis-bipartisan-colleagues-urge-president-trump-to-permit-taiwan-arms-sales

Washington Post (2026) “Confident in China’s Power, Xi Is Ready to Host an Unpredictable Trump,” 11 May. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/05/11/trump-xi-china-beijing-visit/

White and Case LLP (2025) “China Imposes Extraterritorial Jurisdiction and a 50% Rule for Export Controls on Rare Earth Elements and Other Items,” October. Available at: https://www.whitecase.com/insight-alert/china-imposes-extraterritorial-jurisdiction-and-50-rule-export-controls-rare-earth